GOALS!

              It was the time of the moon nor the time of the sun. I felt it as the time of death. Death to life. Life to death. The battle was crawling here and there with the groan sound.

"Bring me to hospital"

 
Finally she caught a breath and fired it out. This is how we spent countless nights with tears, fears and miracles.

 
I knew Amma was suffering from Asthma severely.

I still can remember the nights that we had to secure under neighbors roofs.

 
I have never seen her tears. But I will feel her pain till my last breath. She is the fairy mother of my life story. I thought she had a magical power to actualize the things what we needed, what we expected and even what we thought till I grew up.

She never meant 'no' and 'impossible' under our demands.

 
Finally, I accepted that she is having a super power and I realized it as her sacrifices.

Amma, literary I am crying.

I saw the way you got old. You are too older than your age. You are about to fragile. So, I hate myself!

I have seen the way you applying balm and oil to avoid your pains with a light whimpering.

I have seen the way you sleep being crook to make us more comfortable with a spacious bed.

I have seen thousands of incidents which my eyes get wet.

You have been facing unimaginable challenges and you handle them strongly. You didn't teach me how to live. But you showed me. You didn't tell me how much you are strong. But you proved. But you never showed your pains, feelings, expectations and willingness. Instead you hid them.

So Amma, 

I am on the way finding them out. ❤

                                                                                  (***********)

HORACE

          Quintus Horatius Flaccus or Horace who was the chief spokesman of the Ancient in the battle between the Ancients and modern was lived in 65 BC to 8 BC in the Glorious Augustine age. It was an age of peace and two Scholars of writing in those days; the old Latin and Modern Alexandrian such as Horace, Virgil, Livy etc. turned to literature to achieve distinctions.

 "Among Roman poets he was the best critic, and of all the Roman critics he was the best poet" is a quote  about Horace who ranked next only to Virgil and classed equal to Aristotle. Mainly he wrote two books of satires, four books of Odes and Ars Poetica / Art of poetry. This was his chief critical work which caused to begin a new tradition in literary criticism.

          When we consider about Horace's observation of poetry and drama Ars Poetica takes an inimitable place. It is a letter in verse by original Latin that offering advice on literary matters to a father and two sons of the naming Piso. It mainly about poetry, poetic style and drama using less than 500 lines in the Poetic form. Moreover it can be divided into three parts.

1. Poesis - Subject matter of poetry

2. Poema - Form of poetry 

3. Poeta - The poet

          His observation of poetry can be analyzed under several sections; its nature, function, subject matter, kinds, language and its nature and art.

          According to nature of poetry, he said that writing poem is not an inspiration it's only Madness. And he believed that poetry is not mere imitation alone. As well as he didn't like too much fancy due to too much fancy can make something unbelievable. Horace stated that the function of poetry is both instruct and Delight. Therefore, he moved one step ahead Plato and Aristotle. Its subject matter should be Universal and Poets should choose a theme suited to his powers, and should consider what weight his shoulder refuse to bear and support. Under his observation, poetry has "settled kinds" with an appropriate metre. When a poet use language that poet is free to use both "familiar words" and "new ones" with clearness and effectiveness. Finally he also examines the question of the place of genius and art in the success of a poem. Genius as the natural talent and Art was meant training.

          Then he studied drama broadly under the three-heads; 

1. Plot,

2. Characterization 

3. Style

 Plot should be borrowed from familiar material to the audience and only relevant events of the story should be joined into an unbreakable union. They cannot be Supernatural things and if dramatist use horrible things, all should be reported instead bringing them directly on the stage. According to him a plot must keep Ancient Greek tradition and take clear attention of length of a play. 

"Neither shorter no longer than 5 acts" 

          Further, one scene must use no more than three characters and drama should follow the order; start, middle, end without any flashback. Thus the dramatist could either draw on the Ancient Greek legends or they can invent new characters while to be true to their tradition, to themselves or to consistent. Then he considered iambic meter as the most suitable style for drama for both tragedy and comedy.

          However with these all we can understand that Horace has closely followed Aristotle. But surprisingly there is no mention of the satire in his Ars Poetica. Though he has dealt earlier with satire using his two books Lucilius in Book I and II.

                                             By,

                                   ❤  Tharushi ❤

BE YOUR OWN STIMULATION 💐

"The most difficult thing is not to continue something but to start." 

People will laugh at you, try to put you down, they will gossip about you. 

It's okay!  

Yeah.... It's okay....

Let them to be happy with their own preferences. It is not a matter, not a new thing to you. 

But, 

you don't care.

Listen! Listen carefully to your inner voice.

 "Yes it's possible, you can do it, you can manage yourself, you are the best one for it. Go! Go ahead................."

If these are the words from your good Angel, what should you do?????

Say thousand times - Yes!

Now anyone cannot stop you. There will be no one to pull your leg. 

Go ahead!

 Future is waiting for you. So, build up the power to reach it out everyday. Then only the hands which used to pull you down will clap on you. 

 

Don't be a same model of Adam and Eve. Try to be a unique one whome anyone can easily recognize even among thousands of people.

❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

Kick on your weaknesses, and observe how they convert into your strengths.

                     

                                      -Tharushi-

THE GREAT GATSBY

 

The Great Gatsby (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby)

Scott Fitzgerald (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald)

          The Great Gatsby is a tragical love story on the surface, but when we deeply go through it, it furnishes a pessimistic critique of the American dream. The term "American Dream" was first coined by James Adams in his book, "The Epic of America" written in 1931. At that time it was a dream of a land where life was better and richer for everyone else and it was based upon innocent, religious values. The reason why people wanted to work hard to prove themselves to God because they believed better people were in eyes of God. But with time passed they started to chase material wealth and it corrupted the people as well as the true value of the dream.

          This controversy formed the basis of the writings of many writers in the modern period. Among them, Scott Fitzgerald who was born in Minnesota USA in 1896 is one of the Great American novelists. He was influenced by his contemporary writer and artist Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby as his most famous and 3rd novel in 1925.

           Using New York City to the suburbs known as West and East egg, during Jazz Age the author interpreted the concept of American dream which shifts to social status as everything, through dazzling characters. However the story flows on first person limited point of view make use of sympathetic and Melancholic tone.

            Nowadays, there is nothing wrong with saying that social status and materialism are similar to the American dream. With that, we can say three types of characters belong to three statues in the novel. They are the old money class, new money and no money. With the short glance old money can be interpreted as Aristocrats who inherited the money. These people do not work hard and instead they attend to parties and have fun. Thus, they don't need to achieve the American dream in order to they were born with it. Daisy Buchannan the Mistress of the main character Gatsby, her spouse Tom Buchanan and Jordan Baker; the flapper woman all are belong to this status. Daisy is a wealthy woman and her expectation is to maintain her status. Therefore, she acquired it by marrying Tom who promised her a wealthy life, without getting a risk by marriage to Gatsby, though she promised to wait for him.

           Jay Gatsby, the protagonist of the novel who raised on a rural Farm in North Dakota and had a desire to become fabulously wealthy is a young man around 30 years and he represents new money. As well as he is the best character to read American Dream throughout the novel.

           With the passage of the eighteenth amendment in 1919, which banned the scale of alcohol, an undergone culture was designed in America. To illustrate this, the author has used Gatsby and few others who belong to new money and become wealthy  doing illegal things because all for attaining American Dream.

          When we consider about American Dream through Gatsby, Fitzgerald has connected his dream not onlu mainly to material wealth but with the love of his life: Daisy. She's just like a dream because being desirable, materialistic, careless, selfish, beguiling and haunting. Gatsby achieved fantastic amount of money by participating in organized crime in order to win Daisy back. Therefore, American dream is personified through Daisy.

"She was just eighteen, two years older than me, and most popular of all the young girls in Louisville.

She dressed in white and had a little white roadster. "

(White signifies purity as well as innocent.)

          American dream is beguiling. At first it is innocent like Daisy, when Gatsby saw her first time. Though she seems attractive at first time then leads him towards destruction, as American Dream.

          American Dream also be haunting, which lose the ways of people eventually. That is what happened on Gatsby too. He didn't give up love for Daisy, even took the responsibility for the murder from her. Then it caused to his death too. 

"He stretched out his arms towards the dark water..... I distinguished nothing except a single green light.............."

          Nick Carraway observes this. Green light is an important symbol in this novel and in one side traditionally green color associated with money and wealth and another side it represents Gatsby's inability to reach the dream.

The novel begins with an advice of the narrator's father.

"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone, just remember that all the people in this world hasn't had the advantages that you have had."

          It emphasizes that every people does not have same status. The narrator is Nick Carraway from Minnesota who moved to New York because his interest over the bond business. He stands for both old and new money. Once there was a conversation between Gatsby and Nick.

"Gatsby : Meyer Wolfsheimn? No, he's a gambler.

Nick : Why isn't he in jail?

Gatsby : They can't get him, old sport. He's a smart man."

          It shows how America has been corrupted with criminals who are going to achieve American Dream.

            More than that in 20th Century, automobiles were characterized the high class of America. Instead think about the car as a way of transportation they consider it as a way of the exhibit their Fortune to the society. Myrtle Wilson and her husband George Wilson who ran automobile shop are the people, representing no money. These people have least amount of money and survive through buying and selling. They try to achieve American Dream but though they work hard they are unable to get a chance for it.

"I married him because I thought he was a gentleman." 

            

          With the mistake of believing that George had good breeding, Myrtle married him. Then seek to better life than she has, she reaches for Tom Buchannan and died due to a car accident, with making the role of automobile as the failture  of American Dream. 

"He borrowed somebody's best suit to get married"

(To show status)

           Finally The Faded paint of the eyes of Eckleburg can be seen/ it symbolizes that Humanity has lost its connection to God, as they interpreted American Dream before. However, while some people born with the dream, some will never have the opportunity to achieve it.

"Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future year by year receds before us."

           Therefore, at the end of the novel Fitzgerald writes above lines and this description shows that the most important quality of American dream is its inaccessibility, it means a dream is not a reality.

                                                   By,

                               ❤️ Tharushi Fernando ❤️

PLATO

Plato

(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato)

    Plato (427 to 347 BC) was an influential ancient Greek philosopher who represented the classical age born at Athens to a noble family. He was one important disciple of Socrates and the great teacher of Aristotle. According to the "Benet's reader's encyclopedia" Plato was originally named Aristocles, later called "Plato" because of his wide forehead, robust physique, the quality of his writing or a variety of other explanations. He believed in equal education for all and made first Higher Learning Academy in the Western World. Plato was the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy and has written 36 books including, Republic; the first Utopian  novel in the world, Apology, Phaedrus, Laws which provided uncountable contribution to the art of criticism.

          

          Plato was an ideal man who believed idea is primary and matter is secondary. The Renaissance classic painter Raphael's  the School of Athens Plato is walking beside his student Aristotle and he is pointing up. It further emphasizes Plato is an ideal man. He is also considered as the first person who enforced the value of decorum in Art. According to him there are two kinds of Arts. They are,

1. fine arts 

2. useful Arts 

          He said that there was a place only for those who are practicing useful art such as medicine and agriculture, but who were practicing fine art such as literature, painting, music, etc. should be banished. According to Penelope Murray's book, "Classical literary criticism," Plato had written poetry until he met his teacher Socrates and then after he became a philosopher. He divided poetry into two types.

1. Dithyrambic / purely lyrical

2. Mimetic / imitated

          To his perspective literature isn't pragmatic, it takes men away from reality rather than the move towards it. So the production of art corrupt individuals as well as the state. Further, poets are unable to deliver current details through poetry because this world is only the shadow of real. This Platonic real and Shadow concept has shown by his "Allegory of the cave."He suggested truth as the test of poetry and when he talked about the concept of mimetic he applied it not only for poetry but also for painting music and drama. In Republic it is shown; "A painted is like a person who picks up a mirror, carries it with him around." (596 d - e)

          With all these reasons Plato attacked poetry on three grounds. They are,

1. poetic inspiration 

2. the emotional appeal of poetry 

3. its non normal character

Without thinking long-time poets write many things by sudden inspiration. Therefore, those kind of sudden output cannot take place of philosophy. Then being a product of inspiration, it affects the emotions and heart rather than reason and intellect. And poetry exists with the lack of morality. Therefore, Plato's view of art was,

 1. art is useless it hasn't intellectual value

 2. art is potentially dangerous

          When he commented on drama, he stated that drama consists with actions which also imitate in real life. It has bad moral influence because, drama arouses baser Instincts by offering cheap pleasure to the audience.

So he talked about drama under these 3 categories,

 1. It appeals to base instincts 

 2. effects of impersonation 

 3. tragic and comic pleasure 

          However, his observations on the sources of tragic and comic pleasure were an important contribution to the drama and his continuous criticizing of poetry was the Plato's contribution toward the criticism. Because of with this reason, intelligent people used to think more and more about poetry and to look within different angles without accepting them at once.

 

                                          By

                         ❤️ Tharushi Fernando ❤️

ANIMAL FARM AS AN ALLEGORY

George Orwell

( https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell )

Animal Farm

( https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm )

          Most of the literary works of the Modern Age were influenced by the disillusionment that came after the World War 1. And authors used irony, allegory, satire and comparisons frequently to illustrate some points of society.

Among them Animal Farm is one of the brilliant satire and an allegory written by Eric Arthur Blair using pseudonym George Orwell published in 1945. Basically the story is based on Orwell's disgust towards Totalitarianism and Stalin's practices in Russia. It is a fable that animal characters in the allegory, can be regarded as symbolizing real life characters and situations in Stalinist Russia.

"Every line of serious work that I have written directly or indirectly against totalitarianism...."

In his article "Why I write" Orwell openly portrays his hated to the society which is dominated by totalitarianism. So now we can identify how the author composes Animal Farm as an allegory.

          Although the serfdom system was abolished in 1861, the lives of the rural people did not improve. Then with the recruitment of farmers to World War 1, the production of  food also declined. With such reasons on March 8, 1917 (according to Ruxuxssia: February 23) a protest took place on International women's day. The Communists or Bolshevik party helped to the peasants and this class of intelligetia was the backbone of the Revolution which literally begun. So the whole scenario can be compared with the novel.

          First of all the title of novel "Animal farm" and actual farm which open and ends with the name Manor Farm symbolizes Russia and the rules of Soviet Union under Communist party. As well as it is a completed internal structure of a nation with,

- a government (the pigs)

- police force or army (the dogs) 

- working class (the other animals)

- political entity with diplomatic concerns (neighboring farmers) 

- State holidays and rituals.

However the Story begins with a speech of white boar named Major, an allegorical combination of Karl Marx and VI Lenin; one of the creaters of Communism and the communist leader of the Russian Revolution.

  "There comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word.. Man. Man is the only creature that consumes without producing..."

The eyes of others were opened by Major showing the real situation. With that Mr. Jones who proceeded Animal Farm before the Rebellion had flee out though it was owned for three generations of Jones'. This scene is similar to the abdicate the throne which Tsar Nicholas II, the monarch of Russia's family had held for three centuries. Then three days after new awakening, old Major left the dream of utopian society for animals and died.

"Beats of England, beats of Ireland,

 Beats of every land and claim.

 Soon or later the day is coming

 Tyrant man shall be o'erthrown 

 Cows and horses, geese and turkeys

 All must toil for freedom's sake......."

          After that the responsibility passed upon another to pigs called Napolean and Snowball. Allegorically Napoleon represents the autocratic leader Joseph Stalin while Snowball represents Leon Trotsky. Napoleon is the villain of the novel and he uses Snowboll as a scapegoat for any misfortunes and his failings. He is a cruel, brutal, selfish and corrupted same as Stalin who didn't follow Marx's idea. In 1927 Trosky was expelled by Stalin from the party and in 1940 he was assassinated. It is emerged through the banned of Snowball by Napoleon using 9 puppies, in order to became a totalitarian leader.  

" It became necessary to elect a president. There was only candidate, Napolean." 

But snowball always needed to follow pure teachings of Communism which they named as animalism.

" those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand the liberty is worth more than ribbons? "

Snowball tried to make free them all from slavery but had not chance to establish their society which Major imagined.

          Further more in every society we can see naive people who are worshipping politicians. These people are represented by Boxer; a loyal, kind, dedicated and hardworking horse.

" I will work harder, Napoleon is always right. "

As well as his character can be compared to Alexey Stakhanov. However Boxer and other gentle caring mare Clover represent working class people betrayed by Stalin who ignored and killed finally, similar to betrayed by Napoleon.

          The oldest and wisest animal in the farm is a donkey: Benjamin who is suspicious of Revolution. It thinks "nothing ever change" is right and portrays the characters of skeptical people in Russia and outside Russia who were not sure revolution would change anything.

" nodes his muzzle with the knowing air and seemed to understand, but would say nothing."

It reminds me one of the great sayings of Martin Luther King, 

"Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity."

          In addition to that there are so many characters allegorically run their roles and Squelar is showing the minister of propaganda: Vyacheslav Molotov who worked for Stalin to support his image. 

" The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white."

The author uses this pig to show how politicians manipulate language in mass media to change the mindsets of people.

" Do you know what would happen if we picks failed in our duty? ....

 Surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back ..."

          As well as Moses: the spy and tale - bearer who always talk about a Paradise called Sugar Candy Mountain represents religion. The sheeps who stupid and noisy can be compared to the ordinary people who do not understand what is happening all around them but blindly support the revolution. Molly as vain and selfish people in Russia and world. And also neighboring farmers Mr. Patrick and Mr. Pilkington  represent orderly untrustworthy neighbor to Russia: Hitler and capitalist government of England and the US and so on.

However finally we can understand how these things are presented successfully through a novel using allegory by the great writer George Orwell.

"The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again: but already it was impossible to say which was which."

                                                  By,

                     ❤️ Tharushi Fernando ❤️

"PREFACE TO LYRICAL BALLADS"

William Wordsworth
(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth)

Preface to the Lyrical Ballads
(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preface_to_the_Lyrical_Ballads)

          With the beginning of romantic view of Art by the two schelegel brothers and schelling, Europe soon affected by the romantical view. With that men of genius, such as William Wordsworth and S. T Colridge voiced their protest against neo classicism and it was the main step which rised as the romantic criticism. The critics who were in the romantic period had freedom to inquire the poetry therefore, they ignored rules which made by their ancestors. Then they considered about nature and functions of poetry as well as poetry was no longer considered as imitation instead of it became the expressions of emotion and imagination.

          William Wordsworth who should have given the credit to give a particular shape and direction to English romantic criticism was born in 1770 in North West England. The most prominent idea of him is man and nature are inseparable. And according to him the inspiration is not a divine process. It comes from only the direction experience of the sense.  Using his creativeness he produced most famous works such as Daffodils, Tintern Abbey, Solitary reaper London etc, which famoused only after his death. Additionally his first comprehensive attempt which used to build up a theory of poetry is "PREFACE TO LYRICAL BALLADS". And it was a Revolt against many traditional concepts of poetry as poetic diction and theme.

          Preface to lyrical ballads is a volume of poem that combination of Wordsworth and ST coleridge; first published anonymously in 1798, without  preface only with a brief advertisement. It consists with 23 poem. 19 poems of Wordsworth and only four poems were Colridge's. Then with the Second Edition in 1800,  added detailed preface and with it, the preface became the most important single document which consists about theory of poetry in the history of English criticism.

          So far writers used any subject between heaven and Earth to write poems, but Wordsworth took the incidents, situations and characters from low and rustic life. It was the main feature of his view of the poetry and according to him it also was the principle object in the poem. He defines good poetry or his definition of poetry is the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings and emotions re collected in tranquility". When we break above definition into three stages, the first stage of the poetic process is "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings". The next is their recollection in tranquility and the last is their expressions through poetry.
          However at the first glance that definition seems like a combination of two unsuitable processes. Because it has the spontaneous overflow and at the same time recollection of tranquility. But he says good poetry never is produced with immediate expression of powerful emotions, anyone cannot order a poet to write a poem or poet also cannot write according to their sweet will. The emotion flow out volunteerly, but it has to pass at least four stages to become a good product. They are,

1. observation or perception
2. recollection
3. contemplation
4. composition

          

          Then as a poet people cannot say anything without thinking and filterring their emotions whether it is good to say or not, and how to say. Therefore with this process poems enlighten the reader and purify their emotions. And poetry gives universal truth, at the same time it brings something infinite to infinite. Hence poetry superior to history and philosophy. It appeals to Heart and Soul therefore, it is superior to Science as well. Though according to traditional poets,  pleasure and instruct were the functions of poetry Wordsworth revealed pleasure as the function. But it is not a mere thing which makes man happy inspite of it is increased knowledge and understanding of man and then makes a man wise. So that it leads man to see their life from a vantage point of view.

          The chief words of the preface are, "poet uses humble and rustic life".

  "Humble and rustic life was generally chosen because the passions of the heart can attain their maturity and speak a plainer and more emphatic language".
 
Because of their simplicity, not sophisticated they are the suitable way to speak. And rather than words and subjects of the city he chosed from the countryside as the truth of nature to make poetry.

          Then he rejects the standard poetic diction with the consideration of their figures, mataphors, similes and others as the unnecessary decorations which aroused disgust rather than pleasure. Instead of he defines poetic diction as a language of common man. Because of the naturality of the common man's ; spontaneous and instinctive.  As well as he mentioned that poetic diction must not contain vulgarity and disgusting elements.

"Poet is a man of Greater sensibility,  observation, reflection, imagination and greater powers of communication."

Then poet is the person who put others above philosophy using poetry. Moreover he differ from others because poet's sensibility leads them to observe more deeply than other and that observation comprehend truth which to others were blind. Then the skill of communication is the gift that a poet has to give pleasure for readers by their purified emotions.

          After he said,
"Poet is a man speaking to men."

The reason for it is everyone use common man's language and it was slapped to the other literature era. Thus poet having more comprehensive soul to share feelings without directly but accurately.

"Every great poet is a teacher."
was his final conclusion when he talks about poets and he led to the conclusion of preface as,
"There is no essential difference between process and metrical composition. There only difference is that poetry uses metre."

          However as the result of producing preface to lyrical ballads, many criticism were made behind it. Among them Colridge was the first critic who criticized his language and other many weaknesses. And also H.W Garrod, Derek Roper put critical comments on it. Besides T.S Eliot against with Wordsworth and he said that the rustic language is not based on the class of people if upper class also have rustic people they will also use rustic language. In addition to that Wordsworth's neglection of metre, was considered as the weakest point of the Preface by Garrett. However as the main figure of the period of romantic criticism, William Wordsworth effectively figured out his conception of poetry using "Preface to lyrical ballads."

                                        By
                   ❤️Tharushi Fernando❤️